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A dapp runs its backend as smart contracts on a blockchain and uses your wallet to sign actions. How dapps are built, what is really decentralized, and risks.

A mempool is where unconfirmed transactions wait for a block. How Bitcoin Core and Geth size it, how fees set priority, and how to unstick a transaction.

A Merkle tree hashes data in pairs up to one root, so you can prove one item is in a set with a few hashes. How Bitcoin, Ethereum and airdrops use it.

A transaction hash (TXID) identifies one blockchain transaction. How Bitcoin, Ethereum and Solana compute it, how to read one, and what it proves.

Staking locks tokens so validators can secure a proof-of-stake chain. Ethereum's 32 ETH rule, liquid staking fees, slashing, and US tax and SEC treatment.

Permissionless chains let anyone validate; permissioned chains limit it to approved members. Trust, consensus, speed and real examples like Ethereum and Fabric.

Rollups execute transactions off Ethereum and post data back to it. Optimistic vs ZK rollups, withdrawal times, and blob capacity under EIP-4844 and EIP-7691.

Public, private, consortium and hybrid blockchains, plus layer 1 vs layer 2. How each type decides who can write, with Bitcoin, Ethereum and Fabric examples.

Sui explained from its own docs: the object model, Sui Move, Mysticeti consensus, the 10B SUI cap, and how a gas fee is calculated in MIST.

TRON blockchain explained from its developer docs: DPoS with 27 Super Representatives, Bandwidth and Energy, burn rates in sun, and a fee example.

1inch routes swaps across many DEXs to cut price impact. How classic swaps, Fusion resolvers, Fusion+ escrows and limit orders work, with an example.

A cross-chain bridge moves tokens between blockchains by lock-and-mint or burn-and-mint. Trusted vs trustless designs, rollup bridges, and the main risks.

A DEX is a smart-contract exchange where you trade from your own wallet. How AMM pools set prices, what fees and slippage cost, and the real risks.

MEV is value captured by ordering transactions in a block. How searchers, builders and MEV-Boost work, a sandwich example, and how to protect a trade.

Zero-knowledge proofs prove a statement without revealing the data behind it. The three properties, SNARKs vs STARKs, and how ZK rollups use them.

A smart contract is code stored on a blockchain that every node runs the same way. How contracts execute, what they cost, size limits, and where they fail.

An RPC node answers wallet and app requests over JSON-RPC: reading balances, estimating gas, and broadcasting transactions. How it works, with examples.

Solidity is the main language for Ethereum smart contracts. What it looks like, how it compiles to EVM bytecode, what changed in 0.8, and how to start.

The Ethereum Virtual Machine runs smart contract bytecode identically on every node. Stack, memory, storage, gas and limits, with a worked fee example.

Web3 dev stack by layer: chain, RPC nodes, Solidity, Hardhat and Foundry, indexing with The Graph, viem and ethers, and wallet connection via EIP-1193.

Smart contract security from ethereum.org, OWASP and Solidity docs: the 2025 Top 10, reentrancy with a worked example, audits, and user-side checks.

Airdrops send free tokens to wallets based on past activity. How eligibility snapshots work, the UNI example, US tax rules and the FTC's scam warnings.

Play-to-earn games explained: onchain items and tokens, a US tax example from IRS rules, FTC scam warnings, and what games in our directory show.

Stablecoins are tokens pegged to $1. How fiat-backed, crypto-backed and algorithmic designs hold the peg, what the GENIUS Act requires, and where risk sits.

ERC-20 is Ethereum's fungible token standard. The six functions, decimals, approvals, a worked transfer example, and the mistakes that lose tokens.

Tokenization turns claims on real assets into blockchain tokens. How ERC-3643 enforces transfer rules, what the SEC has said, and a worked example.

How Solana wallets work: addresses, token accounts, the 5,000-lamport fee and rent, plus Phantom, Solflare and other wallets compared from their cards.

A web3 wallet stores the private key for a blockchain account and signs what dapps request. How keys, seed phrases, EIP-1193 and smart accounts work.

ERC-4337 account abstraction explained: UserOperations, bundlers, EntryPoint, paymasters, how EIP-7702 changed things in 2025, and adoption numbers.